{"id":4610707,"date":"2025-11-05T21:07:20","date_gmt":"2025-11-06T00:07:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/midianinja.org\/tfff-poeira-do-barro-de-ontem-dez-anos-do-desastre-de-mariana\/"},"modified":"2025-11-08T18:31:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T21:31:35","slug":"tfff-poeira-do-barro-de-ontem-dez-anos-do-desastre-de-mariana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/midianinja.org\/es\/tfff-poeira-do-barro-de-ontem-dez-anos-do-desastre-de-mariana\/","title":{"rendered":"Polvo del barro de ayer: diez a\u00f1os del desastre de Mariana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

por Xavier Bartira<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los escombros y las ruinas, en tonos terrosos, siguen componiendo el paisaje de Bento Rodrigues, distrito de Mariana, en Minas Gerais, que carga, desde 2015, la marca de del lodo y el abandono.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Foto: Oliver Tomic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

El 5 de noviembre de 2015, el rompimiento de la presa de residuos de la minera Samarco, controlada por Vale y por el ango-australiano BHP Billiton, lanz\u00f3 cerca de 45 millones de metros c\u00fabicos de lodo t\u00f3xico sobre el distrito. La avalancha destruy\u00f3 casas, vidas y r\u00edos: 19 personas murieron, y la cuenca del R\u00edo Dulce fue contaminada desde su nacimiento, en Minas, hasta el mar del Esp\u00edritu Santo.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEstaba sentado en la garita y vi que se hab\u00eda ido toda la energ\u00eda\u201d, dijo el sobreviviente Edson Borges. Al inicio, \u00e9l pens\u00f3 que una tuber\u00eda de agua se hab\u00eda roto. \u201cCuando mir\u00e9 para abajo, el r\u00edo ya hab\u00eda levantado unos cuatro metros de lodo, \u00e1rboles y un mont\u00f3n de cosas\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(G1, 06\/11\/2015 \u2014 leia aqui<\/a>) (leer aqu\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tantos otros relatos como el de Borges describen el mismo escenario: lo que rest\u00f3 fue un territorio herido. A las comunidades sepultadas por el lodo se les fue prometido devuelta \u2013 nuevas casas, nuevas calles, nuevos comienzos. Pero las reparaciones llegaron tarde, y para muchos, nunca llegaron por completo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNosotros ten\u00edamos una vida de para\u00edso, todo el mundo se conoc\u00eda con todo el mundo (\u2026) Hoy hay personas all\u00e1 de Bento que yo vi nacer, las vi crecer, y despu\u00e9s no las vi m\u00e1s\u201d \u2013 Jos\u00e9 do Nacimento de Jesus, habitante afectado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(G1, 05\/11\/2025 \u2014 v\u00eddeo aqui<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En Bento Rodrigues, el nuevo asentamiento queda a apenas 12 kil\u00f3metros de los vestigios del antiguo distrito. Las calles ganaron los mismos nombres de antes, pero la arquitectura y el estilo de vida de anta\u00f1o se han perdido. El barro se sec\u00f3, pero el sentimiento de p\u00e9rdida no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En Paracatu de Bairxo, otra comunidad reasentada, la primera casa solo comenz\u00f3 a ser construida en 2021 \u2013 seis a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s del derrame. Mientras tanto, centenares de familias siguen residiendo en viviendas provisionales, a la espera de un hogar que les fue prometido entre informes y reportes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/strong>Nuevo acuerdo, vieja impunidad<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En 2024, casi una d\u00e9cada despu\u00e9s del desastre, a Samarco y sus controladoras Vale y BHP, junto al poder p\u00fablico, firmaron un acuerdo de reparaci\u00f3n con un valor de R$ 170 billones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seg\u00fan el comunicado oficial de Vale:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLa Vale informa que Samarco, BHP y Vale, en conjunto con el Gobierno Federal, los Gobiernos de Minas Gerais y Esp\u00edrito Santo, Minist\u00e9rios P\u00fablico y Defensor\u00edas P\u00fablicas, celebraron un acuerdo definitivo y sustancial sobre las demandas relacionadas a la rotura de la presa de Fund\u00e3o\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n


 Leia o comunicado completo aqui.<\/a> (Lea el comunicado completo aqu\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pero, mismo con el nuevo acuerdo, nadie fue responsabilizado criminalmente. El lodo de Mariana sigue siendo una herida abierta en la historia ambiental y humana del pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/strong>El Brasil de las mineras: m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del lodo de Mariana<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1s all\u00e1 del caso de Mariana (2015), Brasil sufri\u00f3, y todav\u00eda sufre, con otros graves desastres y cr\u00edmenes ambientales. El m\u00e1s semejante, en escala y naturaleza, es el de Brumadinho (2019), tambi\u00e9n en Minas Gerais. Ambos ocurrieron en el Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero, regi\u00f3n que simboliza la minera del pa\u00eds. Estaban involucradas las mismas empresas \u2013 Vale, Samarco y BHP \u2013 y resultaron en da\u00f1os humanos y socio ambientales catastr\u00f3ficos. Millones de metros c\u00fabicos de lodo t\u00f3xico descendieron por valles y r\u00edos, atravesando centenares de kil\u00f3metros hasta el mar, dejando rastros de destrucci\u00f3n, muerte y contaminaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pero el barro de la represa es apenas una de las fases del mismo modelo de exploraci\u00f3n que se repite en diferentes formas por el pa\u00eds. Otros desastres ambientales de gran escala marcan nuestra historia reciente: la contaminaci\u00f3n por C\u00e9sio-137 en Goi\u00e2nia (1987), el derrame de petr\u00f3leo en la Bah\u00eda de Guanabara (2000), y los cr\u00edmenes ambientales continuos en la Amazonia, en que la deforestaci\u00f3n y las quemas consumen bosques enteros, modos de vida y territorios ancestrales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En el Norte de Brasil, los impactos de grandes empresas de infraestructura, como hidroel\u00e9ctricas y proyectos de miner\u00eda de gran porte, contin\u00faan alterando ecosistemas fluviales y desplazando comunidades tradicionales, en nombre de una econom\u00eda que devasta mientras promete desarrollo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El barro se sec\u00f3, pero el polvo permanece, se cierne, entra por los pulmones y pensamientos. Las mineras no excavan apenas la tierra \u2013 excavan el tiempo, el cuerpo y la memoria. Queda un aire espeso, todav\u00eda cargado de barro de ayer. En el pa\u00eds del hierro y el oro, la vida insiste en valer menos que el minero. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mariana a\u00fan respira lodo: el polvo del desastre sigue suspendido entre la memoria y la 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